Classical hollywood systems

Classical hollywood systemsABSTRACT The main objective of this course work is to provide assorted similarities and differences in the classical Hollywood systems. The classical version of the Hollywood studio systems argon roughly in the midst of 1910 and 1960. Though its the spaciousest period to evaluate, the needs between 1930 and 1949 be considered. thither be wide number of studios atomic number 18 present in the Hollywood cinema where only few studios exist from the beginning. The two major film studios are UNIVERSAL STUDIOS and WARNER BROTHERS. In this project, these 2 studios are analyzed in detail. In particular their studio systems, similarities and differences in their style of film making. WARNER BROTHERS contendner bros studios were found by four br otherwises harry warner, Albert warner, surface-to-air missile warner and jack warner. The four brothers were Jews emigrated from Poland. They started the business by having a own projector. The projector was used f or the exhibition business. The commencement ceremony theater was opened in Pennsylvania in 1903. In the initial stage, they begin to produce some ordinary icons to bag success. Getting fortunate response from the people warner brothers started thinking differently with sound, color and style. The movies produced before are soundless motion pictures. This sound movies was the idea gave by the youngest Sam warner. Initi entirelyy the request was not been accepted by harry. But to produce movie at different area, the request was acknowledged. Screen play was the division which was concentrated more by the warner brothers. Their ultimate goal was to explicate the art of screenplay in classical Hollywood cinema. Warner brothers divided the studio system into various tasks such as directing, sound, cinematography, art direction, story acquisition and modify. The screenplay was further divided into discrete tasks such as synopsis, pr separatelying continuing, shooting script conclus ion. These categories are evenly distri thated among three writers while a writer can easily concentrate on a particular field. 1930 to 1950 is the comfortable period for warner brothers. Because they categorized the motion pictures into various genres. Such as Crime GangsterHorror-detective-murder ComedyWomens filmsWesternMusicalWarSocial drama prestigiousness movies. To illustrate important variations in narrative form each and e precise category was chosen. The gangster movies were produced ground on the fond problems. The myth of success was the first influence defined America as an open classless society. The second influence was the boss politics and the third influence was prohibition. whatsoever example for the successful gangster movies are1931-Little Caesar1931-Public enemy1932- Scarface 1933- Blondie Johnson.Considering the first category, James Cagney dominated the genre during 1930s. In the second category dark streets, bars, clubs, penthouse apartments and some st ations are shown as a genres vital part. The third category shows the gangster as a modern city man and holds most of the parts on his own. The myth of the government man is the movie which enforces the stiffer production code. This major turn back is considered to be the second cycle of gangster pictures. In 1936, bullets or ballots shows the same gangster movie but shown in a different context such as the hero joins the gang and works as an undercover and destroys the gang. As far as social dramas, the black fury was the first movie which has been released in the year 1935. This movie reveals the dramatized labor and industrial unrest. Basically social dramas fells into three categories. They are social consciousness, yellowness journalism and working mens movies. The social dramas as a production strategy was eclipsed by problems of greater concern during the 1940s as America entered World War II. The next genre is musical movies. Warner brothers produced all kind of movies i n a certain time span. The first musical movie was produced in 1926. Jazz utterer was the first musical movie which was directed by Alan Crosland. In 1928, the singing fool was created by warner brothers. As a variation of the gangsters genre, warner brothers potentially find a perfect formula as crime movies. Warner uses the same stars as gangster movies as well as crime movies. Among crime movies, prison pictures are very popular. The first groups of prison movies were produced during 1930s and 1933s. The second group of crime movies in 1936. Alcatraz Island in a movie with more action sequences and was a heartfelt punishing movie. The next important genre was war movies in which warner brothers concentrated more because of spirit. From 1915 to 1970 warner brothers created more and more war movies which virtually shows the American fighting as determined, valiant and successful. After the first foundation war, the war genre enters the outbreak of hostilities in Europe. These movies depicts Tolerance to intoleranceProgressivism to reactionPacifism to militarism.During the interval between the two world wars, warner started producing patriotic movies with admiration. UNIVERSAL STUDIOS The toughest competition for warner brothers during their production is familiar studios. Universal pictures concentrated on a very few genre movies such as Womens movies detective moviesHorror moviesWestern movies.Though womens movies are consigned to a very minor status and not all the studios took risk in producing such movies. This genre movies was more often than not produced between 1935 and 1950. These years gave more womens movies in which all credit goes to universal studios. The womens films antecedents are found at melodrama and these genres were not developed until 1920s. The genre appeared to be different in various studios. In 1940, universal studios decide to develop some noir womens film. This second phase was considered to be an amalgamation of the person al taste of universal pictures. Some elements sustains womens films. They areFlashback sequencesCynical themesVoice over narrationRealistic actionLighting techniques and Expressionistic camera. Universal studios now have the thought about iniquity movies. Dracula and Frankenstein were the movies which attains a greater success during thirties. Then the company begins to unleash the mummies and werewolves. These horror movies begin to haunt the people. This encourages directors and the universal studio to create various monsters based movies with completely different thought. Mystery of the wax museum was a sequel and it is a modern horror film. During these productions, some original stories are planned to make as a movie. These kind of plans gave some good movies to Hollywood cinema which are even perfect in the present technical world. During the thirties, detective movies did some good service to not only film producers and the audiences as well. Sherlock Holmes did the job to universal pictures whereas the thin man series for MGM. Sherlock Holmes becomes a model for all directors for making a detective movie. Aiming at juvenile audiences, universal pictures produces a lot of Nancy drew and torchy blane movies. Nearly nine movies were represented by torchy blane who stars with Glenda Farrell. On the other hand, the Nancy drew series were starred by Bonita Granville which was adopted from a novel of Carolyn Keene. There are four movies in this series and all were directed by the same person William Clemens. Murder movies are the next front course of study genre which attains success because of the thrilling and mystery sequences present in the movie. Western movies are the most richest and enduring genre in Hollywood. It consists of a heroic story with some visual elements and narrative formats. The only genre whose life span is long is the western movies. Even though the genre face a strong set back due to the lack of technical factors. SIMILARITIES We have discussed about various genres and movies in the previous sections. Those films are produced in two different studios and they possess different qualities. Now let us discuss the cat valium factors that these studios possess and how these factors do them common. Filmmakers developed formal methods that made shooting relatively quick and easyShoot whatever scenes are most economical to shoot at a given time (shoot out ofSequence when necessary)Cover any given sequence from as many different angles as possible and with multipleTakes of each angle to give the producer and editor a lot of material to choose fromEdit the material to create linear continuity, cut on movement, and obligate eyeliners matched(Maintaining the direction a person is gazing from one shot to another(prenominal)). Among various genres, both universal studios and warner brothers pictures use some common genre movies. War, musical, women, western, horror is some of the common genres. Cross cutting is a vi tal device used for continuity style. This technique was used by both the studios. The main objective of this technique is to increase the tension during narration. Meanwhile is a simple narrative technique which is literary equivalent to cross cutting. The cross cutting technique used for the story line at the time of introducing two leading characters in a movie and intriguing way. The next common aspect is point of view shot. In this technique, editing is important device used by filmmakers to create good audience identification with the film characters. It replaces the audience in place of main character in the movie. This technique is common for the horror genre in which the director often places the viewer within the viewing position of the monster. The next similarity will be cinematography. The key feature in this technique is three point swallowing. These classical studios are the good example of three point illuminate. In order to light the subject, key, fill and back lights are used. Three point lighting scheme is the commonly used lighting scheme and it helps us to enable and understand how lighting gives good effect on ones perception of a character. The key light is used as a common source of illumination. Even though another light will be needed. So in order to cover the areas of darkness and to soften the shadows, the key light contains cast. It is called as fill light which is a secondary source. The combination of key and fill light should be supplemented further. The back light which is the third source provides necessary depth and placed above and nooky the subject. High key and low key lighting are the common divisions of the lighting techniques. These are some similarities between the two studios. DIFFERENCES The two studios namely warner brothers and universal pictures had some similarities. But they possess some differences too. Some common differences areSetting PropsCostume, Hair and Make-UpMovement, Positioning and Performanc eLighting and Cinematography. Settings are mostly backgrounds but they are integral to atmosphere creation and narration building in a movie. In some rare cases, a situation or building can be considered as a character in the movie itself. Props are the objects which can be viewed within the movie world. it also forms some integral part in the action of the film. It also carries some symbolic meaning. Costume and makeup plays a vital role in a scene because it can provide immediate sense and their status in the movie. They also give an instant idea of what period that the film is set. Movement, murder and positioning of characters within a frame is important for both characterization and narration in a film. Positioning can be utilized as an indicator for people relationships. Performance includes the expression coming from the actors face and body language. The feelings and emotions can be identified through performance. These are some common factors that these film makers differ s in their way and let us see some more technical factors in which they differ while making movie. Camera framing There are 3 key areas in camera framing. They are shot type, camera positioning and camera angle. Shot type refers to the positioning and distance between the camera and its subject. Camera positioning indicates the presence of the camera. High angle and low angle are the two camera angles. Camera movement panning, crane, tilting, zooming and tracking are the divisions in camera movement. In panning, cameras move from side to side. Crane is used for lifting cameras which will be mounted on it. Tilting makes camera move up and work through from fixed axis. These are the key areas in which both the studios differs in film making. CONCLUSION After discussing about various factors, it is clear that not all the aspects are same for all the studios. Warner brothers involved in many film productions in different genres. But the universal studios produce few genre movies. This essay clearly gives the information about the key principles in film making and their efforts to bring their thoughts to screen. Later on, we discussed about the similar facts that these two studios possess. There is some technical differences in implementing them. REFERENCES http//docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cacheySBtrN746HQJwww.digitalfilmarchive.net/clda/moving_image_arts/film_lesson_plans/documents/ALLlessonplans.pdf+classic+hollywood+cinema+stylehl=engl=ukpid=blsrcid=ADGEESjPLijkM8_RBqQ3o0l7ZexF-Rq7DNB1dhjvn37r0ijZPrIS7rDvR1ljfjXEb9CDnHfZXo4bE8MqmUEj9Ivk6b-yaV-Y2YnQuVm_CXNQRiB-ALlq9FwyIPdC-qS4CaJPHVh2Cj7msig=AHIEtbSCneArhSdp0RNFHyFA0YZt9B8Kqghttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studioshttp//microformguides.gale.com/Data/Introductions/20560FM.htmhttp//www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Criticism-Ideology/Genre-THE-CLASSIC-STUDIO-SYSTEM.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinemahttp//www.fathom.com/course/10701053/index.htmlhttp//screen.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pd f_extract/27/6/74http//www.uoregon.edu/jlesage/Juliafolder/CLASSICALNARRATION.HTMLhttp//knol.google.com/k/classical-hollywood-cinema-film-style-analysis-of-the-crowdhttp//www.umsl.edu/gradyf/film/classhollnarr.htm

The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

The Indian Pharmaceutical IndustryThe Indian Pharmaceutical Industry to solar day is in the front rank of Indias science-based industries with wide ranging capabilities in the complex field of drug manufacture and technology. A highly organized sector, the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry is estimated to be worth(predicate), $4.5 trillion, outgrowth at about 8 to 9 portion annually. It ranks very high in the third world, in endpoints of technology, quality and range of medicines manufactured. From simple headache pills to sophisticated antibiotics and complex cardiac compounds, al close to every type of medicine is now made indigenously.The come in of purely Indian pharmaceutic companies is fairly low. Indian pharmaceutic fabrication is chiefly operated and controlled by dominant strange companies having subsidiaries in India due to availability of cheap labour in India at lowest cost.Most pharmaceutical companies operating in India, even the multinationals, employ Indians alm ost exclusively from the lowest ranks to high level management. Mirroring the social structure, firms ar very hierarchical.Homegrown pharmaceuticals, like many opposite businesses in India, be often a mix of public and private interjectprise.Although many of these companies be publicly possess, leadership is passed from father to son and the founding family holds a mass share.In 2002, oer 20,000 registered drug manufacturers in India sold $9 billion worth of formulations and mint drugs. 85% of these formulations were sold in India while over 60% of the flock drugs were exported, mostly to the United States and Russia. Most of the fakes in the Indian securities intentness are small-to-medium enterprises. It has been estimated that 250 of the largest companies control 70% of the Indian grocery store. The 1970 Patent issue., made the multinational companies to gift only 35% of the market, down from 70%, thirty years ago.In price of the world(a) market, India currently holds a modest 1-2% share, but it has been growing at approximately 10% per year. India gained its foothold on the planetary scene with its innovatively engineered generic drugs and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), and it is now want to become a major player in outsourced clinical research as well as contract manufacturing and research. There are 74 U.S. FDA-approved manufacturing facilities in India, more than in any other soil outside the U.S, and in 2005, almost 20% of all Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDA) to the FDA were filed by Indian companies. returns in other fields notwithstanding, generics are still a large part of the picture.As such, the Indian pharmaceutical application has now become the third largest producer in the world and is self-collected to grow into an attention of $ 20 billion by 2015, from the current turnover of $ 12 billion.As a result, manufacturing expertise and efficiency were the only requirements to participate in this industry, creating low barriers of entry. The most critical challenge facing the global pharmaceutical industry today is the change magnitude cost of drug discovery and development and the increasing time to market. This is further compounded byImpending patent expirations of blockbuster moleculesPricing pressuresLow public opinionChallenges to intellectual property by increasingly aggressive generic companies.Re-importation pressuresMedicare/Medicaid reformIncreasing regulatory hurdlesThis scenario is forcing the multinational pharmaceutical companies (MNCs) to rethink their strategic options in order to exploit their core competencies crosswise the globe. In this situation, India stands to a gain a lot because of its inherent advantages like stability, culture, cost, and educated workforce. This has led to increased alliances and collaborations as a result the leading Indian pharmaceutical companies occupy become some of the most efficient manufacturing units in the world. In fact, India has the highest number of US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) certified manufacturing facilities outside USA.The overall phenomenal progress made by the industry in the last three decades has instilled a strong belief in the government and the pharmaceutical companies in India that the country has a competitive strength and it should be enhanced by suitable policy measures and firm specific actions with regards to export, innovation, strategic alliances and investment.The pharmaceutical policy 2002 echoes the same sentiments and has shifted centering of the policy from self reliance in drug manufacturing to the objective of enhancing global competitiveness. The introduction of policy says The raw material objectives of the governments policy relating to drug and pharmaceutical sector were enumerated in drug policy of 1986. These basic objectives still remain largely valid, however, the drug and the pharmaceutical industry in the country today faces new challenges on peak of li beralization of the Indian economy the globalization of the world economy and on sum up of new obligations undertaken by India under the WTO agreements. These challenges require a change in current pharmaceutical policy and the need for new initiatives beyond those enumerated in drug policy 1986, as modified in 1994, so that policy inputs are directed more towards promoting accelerated maturement of the pharmaceutical industry and towards making it more internationally competitive.The need for radically improving the policy framework for knowledge-based industry has also been acknowledged by the government. The Prime Ministers Advisory Council on Trade and Industry has made important recommendations regarding knowledge-based industry. The Pharmaceutical industry has been identified as sensation of the most important knowledge based industries in which India has a comparative advantage. THE GROWTH STAGE OF INDIAN pharmaceutical companyCEUTICAL INDUSTRYSECTION-12.1 GROWTH STAGES O F INDIAN PHARMA INDUSTRYBengal Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Limited (BCPL), established in 1901, is a Public Sector Under winning (PSU) of the Government of India and is Indias first pharmaceutical company. The company was started by Prafulla Chandra Roy in Kolkata ( wherefore cognise as Calcutta) and has since manufactured such household Indian products as Hospitol, naphthalene balls, and Phenol. The company is headquartered in Kolkata and reported aggregated revenues of Rs 6,199 lakhs (US$ 138.2 meg) in fiscal 2006.The Nascent industry, however, received setbacks in the post world war-II flow rate as a result of new cure developments in the western countries that triggered natural elimination of older drugs from market exercise by newer drugs like sulpha ,antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, antihistamine, tranquilizers, psycho pharmacological substances etc. This culminated in the discontinuation of blanketical anaesthetic turnout based on indigenous materials and forced the in dustry to import heap drugs meant for playing them in to formulations and for selling in the house servant market. catch- 2.1 stages of Growth of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry.Source ISID Working Paper, 2006/05.The government started to bring forward the reaping of drug manufacturing by Indian companies in the early 1960s. In the post independence period, Indian pharmaceutical industry exhibited four stages of growth (see common fig treeure 2.1 2.2). In the first stage during 1950s-60s, the industry was largely dominated by foreign enterprises and it continued to rely on imported bulk drugs notwithstanding its cellular inclusion in the list of basic industries for plan targeting and monitoring. Foreign firms, enjoying a strong patent protection under the Patent and Design Act 1911, were averse to topical anaesthetic production and mostly opted for imports from home country as working of the patent. Given the inadequate capabilities of the domestic sector to start local produc tion of bulk drugs and faltering of foreign firms to do so, the government decided to intervene through starting public sector enterprises. This led to the establishment of the Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (IDPL) plants at Rishikesh and Hyderabad in 1961 and the Hindustan Antibiotics at Pimpri, Pune, in 1954, to manufacture penicillin. The starting of the public sector enterprises has been an important feature in the evolution of the pharmaceutical industry as it assumed initiative roles in producing bulk drugs indigenously and led to significant knowledge spillovers on the private domestic sector.The second growth stage, of the industry took place in the 1970s. The enactment of the Indian Patent Act (IPA) 1970 and the New Drug Policy (NDP) 1978 during this stage are important milestones in the history of the pharmaceutical industry in India. The IPA 1970 brought in a number of radical changes in the patent governing by reducing the scope of patenting to only processes an d not pharmaceutical products and also for a short period of seven years from the earlier period of 16 years. It also recognizes compulsory licensing after three years of the patent. The enactment of the process patent generated significantly to the local technological development via adaptation, reverse engineering and new process development. As there exits several ways to produce a drug, domestic companies innovated cost-effective processes and swamp the domestic market with cheap but quality drugs. This led to the steady rise of the domestic firms in the market place. The NDP 1978 has increased the pressure on foreign firms to manufacture bulk drugs locally and from the basic stage possible. Foreign ownership up to 74 per cent under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) 1973 was permitted to only those firms producing high technology drugs. Foreign firms that are simply producing formulations based on imported bulk drugs were required to start local production from the ba sic stage within a two year period. Otherwise were required to reduce their foreign ownership holding to 40 per cent. New foreign investments were to be permitted only when the production involves high technology bulk drugs and formulations thereon.In the third growth stage or phase of evolution Indian pharmaceutical industry developed modern technology for manufacturing of all dosage forms like tablets, capsules ,liquid ,oral, injectables etc.. This domestic industry based on large scale reverse engineering and process innovation achieved near self sufficiency in production of bulk drugs belonging to various major therapeutic groups resulting in lasting impact on competitive position of Indian pharmaceutical firms in national and international markets.During , 1980-90s ,Indian pharmaceutical industry had emerged as one of the most export oriented sectors in Indian pharmaceutical industry with more than 30% of the production being exported to the foreign market. In 1991, domestic fi rms contribute about 70-80% market share in case of bulk drugs and formulations respectively. The trade deficits of seventies had been replaced by trade surpluses of 1980s. (FIG-2.1).The fourth stage of evolution of industry during 1990s witnessed dramatic changes in the policy political science governing the pharmaceutical industry. The drug de-licensing, hundred percent foreign investments is permitted through automatic route and price control has been significantly reduced. One of the major factors that lease increased the confidence of foreign multinationals looking for local opportunities in India is the adoption of a new product patent regime in January 2005, before that India had already carried out three amendments in march-1999, June2002 and April 2005, in the patent act of 1970 to bring to bring Indian patent regime in harmony with the WTO agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). The third and the final one, known as the Patents (Amendment) Act, 20 05 came into force on 4th April 2005 and introduced product patents in drugs, food and chemicals sectors. The term of patenting has also been increased to a 20 year period. The number of pharmaceutical units has also increased to over 23,000 in 2002, further moreFig 2.2 Growth phase of Indian pharmaceutical industrygraph1SOURCE BEST PHARMA INDUSTRY REPORT-2011-INDIAThe fifth stage is in progression (Fig.2.2), in which we are discover investment in innovation and research, with enactment of new IP laws and investments in biotechnology aided companies. There is promising growth in production of bulk drugs and formulations (Table 2.1) from Rs 10 crores in 1947-48 to Rs 21100 crores in 2002-03 in formulations and almost nil in 1947-48 to Rs 5four hundred crores in 2002-03 in bulk drugs production. The drug industry also becomes capable to pass 497crores in 2002-2003 from almost nil in 1947-48 on research and development of new molecules.All in all Indian drug sales are expected to ris e by an annual 8% to nearly $26.59 bn between 2006 and 2015 and further is the matter of wait and watch depending up on conditions prevailing in international and domestic markets. In the UNIDO-classification of growing countries, according to the state of art in the pharmaceutical sector India is ranked among the top and today India manufactures over 400 bulk drugs and virtually 60,000 formulations.2.2 Drug industry-growthAs shown in, Table 2.1 and table2.2, depicts the growth progress in production of bulk drugs and finished formulations. India produces bulk drugs related to various therapeutic areas. Indian pharmaceutical industry, manufactures over 400 bulk drugs and roughly 60,000 finished medicines used in different formulations.2.3 THE GROWTH SCENARIO IN CONTINEUMIndias US $ 3.1 billion pharmaceutical industry is growing at the rate of 14 percent per year. It is one of the largest and most advanced among the developing countries.Domestic DemandThe industry has enormous grow th potential. Factors listed below determine the rising demand for pharmaceuticals. The growing population of over of a billion Increasing income Demand for quality health care service ever-changing lifestyle has led to change in disease patterns, and increased demand for new medicines to combat lifestyle related diseases.More than 85 per cent of the formulations produced in the country are sold in the domestic market, there has also been a record increase in consumption of drugs worldwide. India with its large population has record the therapeutic segmentation in healthcare market with changes in pattern of drug consumption in turn affecting its production.Fig2.3 shows the percentage increase in sales in various therapeutic segments. India is largely self-sufficient in case of formulations. Some life saving, new generation under-patent formulations continue to be imported, particularly by MNCs, which then market them in India. everywhereall, the size of the domestic formulations market is growing strongly at 10 percent per annum (Table, 2.4), with rs23047crores in 2006-07, from rs2350crores in 1987-88.Fig 2.3 Percentage Increase therapeutic segments.SOURCE ORG-MARG AUDIT-2011.Table 2.4 shows demand for drugs as per therapeutic segments, showing categories, for treatment of lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and central loathsome system are on the increase. Health scenario is also changing. There are virtually 700,000 new cases of cancer each year and total of around 2.5 million cases. It is estimated that there are around 40 million people in India with diabetes and the number is rising, 5.1 million HIV/AIDS patients, and 14 million tuberculosis cases. check to industry reports, while the Indian pharmaceutical industry witnessed a growth of 7 to 8 percent, the cardio-vascular segment recorded 15 to 17 percent growth and anti-diabetes segment of over 10-12 percent growth. So, with the increase in diseases and various ai lments, consumption of medicines is on increase day by day (refer, Fig 2.3).As per estimates, Over 20,000 registered pharmaceutical manufacturers exist in the country. The domestic pharmaceuticals industry output is expected to exceed Rs260 billion in the financial year 2002, which accounts for merely 1.3% of the global pharmaceutical sector. Of this, bulk drugs had accounted for Rs 54 bn (21%) and formulations, the remaining Rs 210 bn (79%). Table 2.5, shows the 16.98% CAGR for bulk drugs amounting to rs17, 307.02 crores in 2009-10.2.4 BULK INDUSTRY GROWTHEX-IM MARKETThe export market growth has been one of the most outstanding features of the Indian pharmaceutical industry (Table-2.5). Negligible before the 1970s, exports started picking up after the abolition of product patents in 1972, accelerating in the 1980s and then growing rapidly since the mid-1990s. In new-fashioned years, exports bemuse been increasing annually at more than 20%. The proportion of exports in net sales f or the analyse 120 companies was 44%. The export market was found to be larger than the domestic market not only for large companies, such as Ranbaxy (Now owned by Japanese Daichi Sankyo Corporation), Dr. Reddys or Cipla , but also for smaller companies such as Granules , Shilpa Medicare, Kopran , Transchem, and Pure Pharmaceutical etc. The period between 2000 and 2010 witnessed Indias top 10 drug companies growing in their sales turnovers, ranging between Rs 500-Rs 800 crores, to professionally-run MNC generics manufacturing companies with turnovers ranging from Rs 3,500 crores to over Rs 7,000 crores. India is among the top 20 pharmaceutical exporters world-wide.Most of these exporting firms earlier dependent on bulk drug supplies, small exports to unregulated markets in Africa and Asia and formulation sales in the domestic market, the last 10 years saw them aggressively tapping regulated markets of the US and Europe and penetrating into newer and emerging market ExportsOver 60 p er cent of Indias bulk drug production is exported. Indias pharmaceutical exports are to the tune of Rs 87 billion, of which formulations contribute nearly 55 per cent and the rest 45 per cent comes from bulk drugs. In financial year 2005, exports grew by 21 per cent.Domestic pharmaceutical export, growing at 30 per cent per annum, touched a new height of US $ 4.8 billion in the financial year 2006-07. The years exports will continue the drug sectors contribution to Indias Forex earnings to 7.75 per cent from the current 5 per cent. The growth in drug exports, despite the pressing generic competition in the global markets, is attributed to increased Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs) approvals in the US market and contribution from unconventional markets in Latin America, Australia and the emerging markets in the Middle eastern and African Region. The formulations and exports are largely to developing nations in CIS, South East Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the last 3 years generic exports to developed countries have picked up.In the coming years, opening up of US generics market and anti AIDS market in Africa will boost exports.Indias pharmaceutical sector has seen unprecedented changes in the past decades ensuing for a remarkable growth in its exports (pharmaceutical exports occupy a share of 4.4% to 5.2% of Indias total exports over the last 6 years) and exports grew at a CAGR of around 22% in the 6 year period of 2004-05 to 2009-10( Fig2.4). Indias growth story in itself vindicates its potential it had a $ 333.33m turnover in 1980 to around $22.30 bn. by 2010-11FIG 2.4 PHARMA EXPORT TOTAL EXPORT SHAREpharmaceutical industry in the country today faces new challenges on account of LIbralisation of the Indian economy graph2.JPGSOURCE Indian pharmaceutical export emailprotected2.5 Revenue from ExportAs earlier discussed India accounts for less than two per cent of the world market for pharmaceuticals, with an estimated market value of US $ 10.4 billion in 2007 at consumer prices, or around US $ 9 per capita but has the potential to reach more than 2% by 2020.India currently represents just US $ 6 billion of the $ 550 billion global pharmaceutical industry but its share is increasing at 10 percent a year, compared to 7 percent annual growth for the world market overall. Also, while the Indian sector represents just 8 percent of the global industry total by volume, putting it in fourth place worldwide, it accounts for 13 percent by value, and its drug exports have been growing 30 percent annually. Cipla, Nicholas Piramal, Ranbaxy, Zydus Cadila, Dr. Reddys are the few Indian pharmaceutical companies, which are known at the global level due to their quality products.The Indian market for over-the-counter medicines (OTCs) is worth about $940 million and is growing 20 percent a year, or double the rate for prescription medicines. The industrys exports were worth more than $3.75 billion in 2004-05 and they have been growing at a compound annual rate of 22.7 percent over the last few years, according to the governments draft National pharmaceuticals Policy for 2006, make in January 2006. The Policy estimates that, by the year 2010, the industry has the potential to achieve $22.40 billion in formulations, with bulk drug production going up from $1.79 billion to $5.60 billion.ImportImports have registered a CAGR of only 2 per cent in the past 5 years. Import of bulk drugs have slowed down in the recent years as per DGIC reported data in the year 2010-11. The value of export was Rs 10,937 Crores, recording a declining growth of 9.82% as compared to 15.15% in 2009-10. The situation is advantageous and good sign, as the industry is becoming self reliant in production and less dependent on foreign markets.Based on the ex post facto data, USA, Germany, Russia, UK, China, Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Nigeria, Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, Vietnam, Israel, Italy, Mexico, UAE, Singapore, Iran had been potent ial importers of Indian Drugs. Countries like South Africa, Israel, Turkey, Kenya, Singapore, UK, China, Russia, Italy and Vietnam etc. have been identified to be potential prospective markets with high growth rates of imports from India. Africa, Latin America, ASEAN and CIS countries with huge demands deem them to be put in the category of instruction countries as these are the emerging markets and have a huge potential with day in day out incremental growth rates of per capita drugs consumptions supported by treaties like SAFTA (with SAARC), treaties with GCC, EU, Japan, Korea etc. As shown in table 2.10, based on such estimates, it has been predicted that the 17% export growth of Rs 248,000 crores would be achieved in 2019-20 with a domestic growth of 22% amounting to Rs 233,000crores.Section-IICROSS BORDER ACQUISITIONS IN INDIAN pharmaceutical INDUSTRY2.6 INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR CROSS-BORDER ACQUISITIONThe health-care costs are rising world-wide. Leading companies across the world are merging. Strategic alliances and collaborations are taking place in order to meet the increasing RD budgetary requirement that exceed billion dollars each for many leading global pharmaceutical players. Indian Drug manufacturers are pursuing foreign acquisitions due to their need toImprove global competitivenessMove up the value chainCreate and enter new marketsIncrease their product offeringAcquire assets (including research and contract manufacturing firms, in order to further boost their outsourcing capabilities) and new productsConsolidate their market shares cut through for continued sluggishness in their home market.Often there is a significant overlap of expenditure in creating manufacturing assets or investing in RD every in generics or in basic research resulting into wastages at national level. Consequently corporate have indulged either in acquisitions or mergers to avoid duplication of investments and capture larger market share at global place.Table 2.7 sh ows the data of number of overseas acquisitions by Indian pharmaceutical Industry. We can reason out that the year 2005 witnessed the maximum number of overseas acquisition due to paradigm change in pharmaceutical policies and enactment of certain new laws which are ulterior discussed in this chapter. Indian companies had gained a lot by these cross border acquisitions and details of which has been apt(p) in table 2.8 Many Indian companies are seeking to expand their distinctive capabilities by acquiring specific skills, knowledge and technology abroad that are either unavailable or of inadequate quality at home. By mergers and acquisitions they get advantage of acquiring new resources and gain entry to new markets for better profitability. Table2.8 shows the number of cross border acquisitions by Indian companies with their focus areas.2.7 INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET AND THE WORLD DISCUSSIONThe period between 2000 and 2010 witnessed Indias top 10drug companies growing in their sales turnovers, ranging between Rs 500-Rs 800 crore, top professionally-run MNC generics manufacturing companies with turnovers ranging from Rs3,500 crore to over Rs 7,000 crore. India is among the top 20 pharmaceutical exporters world-wide. Most of these exporting firms earlier depended on bulk drug supplies, small exports to unregulated markets in Africa and Asia and formulation sales in the domestic market, the last 10years saw them aggressively tapping regulated markets of the US and Europe and penetrating into newer and emerging markets. The Indian industry had filed only 3 marketing applications with the USFDA in 1998, the number swelled to 148 in 2009. Approximately $123bn of generic products is at risk (subject to patent renewal approvals by regulators) of losing patents by 2012.Even at a conservative estimate of 15% opportunity this translates into $18.4bn opportunity for India. However the figures need to be appropriately deflated since Indian opportunity will lie in gene rics equivalent of branded drugs, which would be cheaper. Ageing populations of the US (plus the 2010 US Healthcare Reforms in action), China European economies leading to the more and more expenditure on medicines and appreciation in the per capita consumption value of the drug products with cheaper rates.As global markets such as North America, Europe and Japan continue to slow down (graphical representation below), pharmaceutical companies are scanning markets for new growth opportunities to boost drug discovery potential, reduce time to market and squeeze costs along the value chain. The Industry is starting time to realize that some of the most promising opportunities will come from emerging markets (Asia/Australia/Africa Latin America). IMSHealth and other sources suggest that emerging markets (China, India, Brazil, Russia, Turkey, Mexico and South Korea) will contribute to over 40% of the incremental growth of the global Pharmaceutical industry over the next decade.With its enormous advantage ,including a large well educated ,skilled and face speaking workforce, low operational costs and improving regulatory infrastructure, India has the potential to become the regions hub for pharmaceutical and biotechnology discovery research, manufacturing, exporting and health care service within the next decade. However, in order for this to happen, it is imperative that the regulatory environment continues to improve . otherwise ,India will have to face tough competition from mainland China leading to capture of market shares by china as their government strong commitment and pro industry policies have produced a favorable and prophylactic environment for not only product patent but also for crucial data protection so while developing an Indian cooperative RD strategy, pharmaceutical MNCs should keep in mind certain issues like data and IP security, performance metrics, and quality standards, and address and evaluate these upfront to ensure a successful relat ionship. Although the major factor that has increased the confidence of foreign multinationals looking for local opportunities in India is the adoption of a new product patent regime in January 2005. This already had facilitated concurrent global phase II and III clinical trials. A new patent regime has changed the dynamics of the Indian pharmaceuticals industry in other respects, too. Several leading domestic producers have begun to conduct original research into new chemical entities (NCEs) and novel drug delivery systems. However, these companies are likely to license most of these drug candidates to Western pharmaceutical companies, because few Indian companies can afford the high costs and failure rates associated with developing an NCE. In this context, several Indian firms have already entered into research partnerships with multinationals. Some pharmaceutical MNCs like AstraZeneca have opened their own captive research centers in India to take advantage of the low costs as w ell as availability of high quality intellectual work force.Russia 2013, marketing insight estimates.(ASSOCHAM). IMS estimates the healthcare market in India at $31.59 bn. by 2020, whereas the global management consulting major, McKinsey Co. predicts that the Indian pharmaceutical market is expected to touch $40 by 2015. The industry has given employment to approximately 2.86 mn people and has around 20,053 units. Globally, India is 4th in terms of volume (8% of worlds production), 13th in terms of value, and 17th in terms of pharmaceutical export value. The drugs and pharmaceuticals exported are worth over $3.8 bn.Section-IIIINDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET2.8 DOMESTIC PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETThe pharmaceutical industry in India meets around 70% of the countrys demand for bulk drugs, drug intermediates, pharmaceutical formulations, chemicals, tablets, capsules, orals and injectibles. There are about 250 large units and about 8000 Small Scale Units, which form the core of the pharmaceutic al industry in India (including 5 Central Public Sector Units). These units produce the complete range of pharmaceutical formulations, i.e., medicines ready for consumption by patients and about 350 bulk drugs, i.e., chemicals having therapeutic value and used for production of pharmaceutical-formulations.As discussed in earlier chapters about the Indian Pharmaceutical sector which is highly fragmented with more than 20,000 registered units. It has spread out drastically in the last two decades. The leading 250 pharmaceutical companies control 70% of the market with market leader holding nearly 7% of the market share. It is an extremely fragmented market with severe price competition and government price control. North Indian states UTs are also engaged in production of pharmaceutical products, few states like Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, are also providing tax holidays so as to motivate the pharma companies to enhance their production facilities, more over the climatic conditio ns and other macro factors are suitable for the growth of pharma and especially biotech., Industries in these two states. Table2.14 shows the state wise distribution in north India.FiG.-2.6 STATE- impertinent DISTRIBUTION OF PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR IN INDIA, 2010-11 . graph3.JPGSource Annual report 201

E-commerce :: essays research papers

Business and the internetThe past several eld have marked a time which is comparable to the coming of television and the radio. The Internet has liberal from a simple way to send messages to and from two opposite computers with different operating systems, known as the beginning of E-Mail, to a way to sell and secure products just exchangeable in the tangible world. This article explains that the Internet or Web must be reckoned in dog years, because the pace of change is so fast that one year on the Internet is like seven years in each different medium. Fifteen million households connected to the " make" can be a large market for any moving in willing and ready to scoop it up. By the year 2000, the projection is that North the States will have 38 million online households, one trinity of all households.The reasoning, or thesis, of the article is the question of whether the Web should be use for information purposes, or for a new marketplace in this expanding goldm ine of information.The potency for businesses is enormous. Fifteen million people is a very large consumer marketplace. Consumers be not the except ones "surfing" around for info. Businesses also focus on other companies to sell their products. General Electric sold machine and appliance parts using a new business to business technology called "extranet". GE used its undefeated "extranet" to roll in 1996 online sales of one billion dollars. Another very successful type of business on the net is the coming of work backed by research, such as discount stock trading, including e.Schwab and a Web-only company called E*Trade. Travel services have been very promising because the proceeding can be supported by extensive computer databases of useful information.The Web is particularly effective at selling services backed by research. The reasoning behind the financial services taking up the Web is the fact that they are backed up by extensive research.The main fretting with the Web and its growth is the concern of false information and crackpot theories masquerading as facts. The Web is swamp with many different kinds of businesses and "personal" Web pages which could mislead the consumer into believe false information. The only way to combat this problem is to trust "brand name" business and services. The only way to tell if you can trust a site or business is to have previous interaction with this company. As the web expands and the number of "companies" grows, brand names that are known will begin progressively more important.E-commerce essays research papers Business and the InternetThe past several years have marked a time which is comparable to the coming of television and the radio. The Internet has grown from a simple way to send messages to and from two different computers with different operating systems, known as the beginning of E-Mail, to a way to sell and buy products just like in the tangible world. This article explains that the Internet or Web must be reckoned in dog years, because the pace of change is so fast that one year on the Internet is like seven years in any other medium. Fifteen million households connected to the "Net" can be a large market for any business willing and ready to scoop it up. By the year 2000, the projection is that North America will have 38 million online households, one third of all households.The reasoning, or thesis, of the article is the question of whether the Web should be used for information purposes, or for a new marketplace in this expanding goldmine of information.The potential for businesses is enormous. Fifteen million people is a very large consumer marketplace. Consumers are not the only ones "surfing" around for info. Businesses also focus on other companies to sell their products. General Electric sold machine and appliance parts using a new business to business technology called "extranet". GE used i ts successful "extranet" to roll in 1996 online sales of one billion dollars. Another very successful type of business on the net is the coming of services backed by research, such as discount stock trading, including e.Schwab and a Web-only company called E*Trade. Travel services have been very promising because the transactions can be supported by extensive computer databases of useful information.The Web is particularly effective at selling services backed by research. The reasoning behind the financial services taking up the Web is the fact that they are backed up by extensive research.The main worry with the Web and its growth is the concern of false information and crackpot theories masquerading as facts. The Web is flooded with many different kinds of businesses and "personal" Web pages which could mislead the consumer into believing false information. The only way to combat this problem is to trust "brand name" business and services. The only way to t ell if you can trust a site or business is to have previous interaction with this company. As the web expands and the number of "companies" grows, brand names that are known will become progressively more important.

The Mask Of Apollo - Review Essay -- essays research papers

"The Mask of Apollo" revolves around the adventures of Nikeratos, a young thespian who travels the countryside of ancient Greece and Sicily while performing in various plays. In one play, Kadmos by Sophokles the Younger, Nikeratos is required to wear an old mask of Apollo as part of his costume. The mask is fifty years old and is rumored to bring good luck. Nikeratos is strike with the mask and comes to believe that it possesses special powers. He begins to make reverent gestures toward it as when he places a bay-sprig above it and sprinkles drops of wine on the floor in front of it. During one performance of the play a battle breaks out with a neighboring town. As the actors continue performing, Nikeratos touches the mask for luck and promises to make an whirl to Apollo if the god helps him get through the scene. The superstitious townspeople spotting Nikeratos in the mask begin calling on Apollo to help them win the battle. In the halt they are successful in their figh t. From this point forward Nikeratos carries the mask with him and defers to it when he needs guidance. Accounts of Greek history are dispersed throughout the book with the administration of the ancient Greek world of Syracuse playing a major role in the story. Nikeratos attempts to ignore politics as he sees himself as an actor who is separate from the government scene. Through his travels in various plays however, he finds himself being pulled into the civil turmoil by his relationships with the p...

The Code of Chivalry Essay -- The Lay of the Nibelungs

The epic poem, The Lay of the Nibelungs (1200s), set to practice the major pillars in the code of chivalry that the Duke of Burgundy in the 14th century ultimately condensed and ascribed to the Burgundian Knights Faith, Charity, Justice, Sagacity, Prudence, Temperance, Resolution, Truth, Liberality, Diligence, Hope, and Valor. Though values bear merit, The Lay of the Nibelungs teaches that true worth and longevity comes from assessing the situation and applying intellect to the code, from submitting to God, and from not cheating the system (the laws and cultural norms of the time that be). A man only bears value based upon his actions or the potential for him to act in a certain manner. However, if an action contradicts that mans beliefs, then no longer can he be said to possess such ideals. Sivrit embodies the code both through his actions and his beliefs, yet he is still human and therefore has shortcomings. Sivrit faulted initially when he came to Burgundy and was clear as to his intentions stating to King Gunther upon his arrival In my fathers land I was told that alongside you here are the boldest warriors that a king ever gained Id gladly learn if this is true Ive heard a great deal about this. That is why I have come here. (Anonymous, 14) At this lie or at the rattling least his hiding the truth of his interest in Kriemhild from Gunther, Sivrit broke an important firmness of the code, which states to all times speak the truth. However, from then onward Sivrit is the noble vassal, who serves his king, and who fights for the welfare of all those around him. Let that be of little concern to you and rest easy. Do as I ask let me win honor and gain for you, and ask your knights to come to you aid also. I wou... ... Therefore, Hagen reason for killing Sivrit similar to the in truth modern United States currency can be viewed to have no meaning, they are both merely there as place holders, ideas never in full developed, bubble gum on the bottom of your shoe. And that notion that there might not be any meaning to the text is a troubling scenario for a literary analyst. One reason could be that the book is too short, not lengthwise for it is as long as any short novella at present, but developmentally. The characters come and go, are introduced and killed off, begin to play a crucial role and then disappear. And as for Hagen, who though he stuck around till the very end, at times acted against the Jungian archetype he was written to depict that of a loyal warrior vassal loyal and submissive which is problematic only because the informant never gave reasons to support Hagens actions.

The Name of War Essay -- Essays Papers

The Name of WarIn this historical and culturally divided book, Jill Lepore examines and tries to define the King Philips War and how great deal wrote somewhat it. At the beginning of the colonies it was a bring down of a New England and after the King Philips War with all of the religious conflicts and war stories, a new American identity was born. Throughout this book she tells gruesome tales about murders, massacres, and battles. Even thought his book jumps a lot in chronically determine she successfully tells the tales for both sides pretty accurately. I enjoyed reading some parts of this book. Especially the beginning and the middle beca make use of I thought the End dropped off and slowed down. starting signal even before the war begins, she tells the tale of John Sassamon which she uses as the basis of ideas. This is a center point of the first part of her book. Why Sassamon was either killed for no reason or assassinated? New England Indians at the time were to become acc ustom to English equitables and some were even converting to Christianity. Soon after the war begins she shows how the Indians use Christianity as a part of their war. Also after the war begins she writes about how many writers try to capture the war in words so that the colonies dont light-colored their Englishness. This is ironic because by trying not to loose their Englishness they form an American identity.Inside the John Sassamon story lays the true reason why he was killed. Sassamon was an enlightened man, which was very rare considering he was a Native American. Even though he was growing apart from some of his friends in the colonies he still had concentrated ties with them. There are many reasons why he would be killed but none as strong as turning on your own people. dishonesty is considered a great offence to our country, imagine the offence taken by the Native Americans. Reading this book I found great similarities with the Native American culture and one with a gang or a mob family. All of them seem to have great penalties for one of their own turning against them. The study difference would be that the Native Americans religion was also a great deal of their culture. A mob familys religion (catholic or instance) would conflict with the cleanup spot of another human. But the Native Americans were not that way, if one was killed and they took hostages then the one killed could be revenged by killing a hostage.... ...re not doing any of the torturing and exactly watching they dont loose their ties with the mother land. This was completely wrong, the Colonists were there not the English. The English might have read about it somewhere in a newspaper or a book but the Colonists had to live through it. This is the reason why the Colonists lost their Englishness and began a new American identity.Lepore also used writers of that time to distinguish between how they told their truth and what she thought was the truth. This was a very useful part o f the book, it showed to us the reader, that not all the stories that we read about the in history books or books from that time are entirely correct. That in every writing there is some type of biases ness. She did a very good job on representing both sides very well.This book was the study of war and how people wrote about it. But also the book makes it apparently clear that this was the start of a new American identity. Throughout the writings, stories, and all of the religious battles that were fought one true thing remained the colonists Englishness was gone. This was not New England any much this was something new. This was a New New England.

Change :: Expository Essays

Change Change is inevitable. Just when you become adjusted to your surroundings, something adjustments. Stability does non last forever. In the article Shadow Cities by Andre Aciman, the aspect of change is looked at by the viewpoint of an exile. From his first attempt to deal with change to his final acceptance, Aciman describes in an abundance of ideas, what he is feeling throughout this process. After leaving Alexandria as an exile, Aciman came to call Manhattan, or more precisely Straus commons his home. But Straus Park is not just one place. It is a multitude of different places coming together to form a rather dingy, grubby park with park. Straus Park is any(prenominal) you want it to be. It can be far off destinations such as Paris or a small place in ones imagination. Whatever the place, it creates a bit of stability. When Aciman walked by the Park one day, he realized that it was in ruins. Assuming that the city of Manhattan was closing the park, he began to contemplate what this change meant to him. He began to realize that even if I dont disappear from a place, places disappear from me. New York became his home not because it was where he wanted to be but because he led him to new places. Through Straus Park, he met a variety of people each with their own story that eventually added to Aciman story. By sit down on the park benches usually covered with bird droppings, he encountered people and dreamt of unknown places he wanted to go. After a while of contemplating, Aciman realized that he did not want to go to these places but was satisfied living the life he was living. The statue that helped him through his adaptation to America was soon replaced. However, whereas he thought he was a statue of a